John Baillie McIntosh and Euopisthobranchia

Contents 1 Birth and early years 2 Civil War service 3 See also 4 References 5 Notes

Birth and early years

McIntosh was born at Fort Brooke (Tampa), Florida Territory, while his father was on active duty in the Army. He served as a midshipman in the United States Navy during the Mexican-American War, and resigned in 1850. Thereafter, McIntosh was in business in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Civil War service

At the outbreak of the Civil War, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Cavalry. He was promoted to first lieutenant in April 1862 and served in the Seven Days Battles, and the Battle of Antietam, receiving promotion to major between the battles. McIntosh was commissioned colonel of the 3rd Pennsylvania Cavalry on November 15, 1862. In that role he rose to brigade command in the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac. He led his brigade in the campaign culminating in the Battle of Chancellorsville, winning plaudits from division commander Brig. Gen. William W. Averell.

When Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton reorganized the Cavalry Corps following the Battle of Brandy Station, McIntosh became a brigade commander in the second division led by Brig. Gen. David McM. Gregg. McIntosh was ill after Chancellorsville, but he was present when Gregg's division fought at the Battle of Gettysburg. He distinguished himself in the fight against J.E.B. Stuart on East Cavalry Field on July 3, 1863. When a Confederate attack led by Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton was at its height, McIntosh led some of his men in a flank attack on the attacking troopers. McIntosh was injured by a fall from a horse in September 1863; and, after recovering from his injury, he was on duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., in XXII Corps until May 1864.

McIntosh returned to the Army of the Potomac in time to be assigned a brigade in the third cavalry division of Brig. Gen. James H. Wilson during the Battle of the Wilderness. He continued in command in the operations of Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan, including the beginning of the latter's Shenandoah Valley Campaign. McIntosh lost a leg because of a wound he received at the Third Battle of Winchester on September 6, 1864. Later he received brevet promotions of the ranks of major general, U. S. Volunteers, brigadier general, U.S. Army (regular army), and major general, U.S. Army. He retired from the army in 1870.

McIntosh died in New Brunswick. He is buried there in the Elmwood Cemetery. See also List of American Civil War generals

Euopisthobranchia and John Baillie McIntosh

Euopisthobranchia was established as a new taxon by Jörger et al. in October 2010.

Euopisthobranchia is a monophyletic portion of the "Opisthobranchia" as that taxon was traditionally defined.

Euopisthobranchia consist of the following taxa: Umbraculoidea Anaspidea Runcinacea Pteropoda Cephalaspidea s.s.

Contents 1 Gizzard 2 Cladogram 3 See also 4 References

Gizzard

Previous studies discussed the gizzard (i.e. a muscular oesophageal crop lined with cuticula) with gizzard plates as homologous apomorphic structures supporting a clade composed of Cephalaspidea s.s., Pteropoda and Anaspidea. A gizzard with gizzard plates probably originated in herbivorous taxa in which it worked like a grinding mill, thus might be secondarily reduced in carnivorous groups within Cephalaspidea s.s. and Gymnosomata. Klussmann-Kolb and Dinapoli considered the gizzard in Umbraculoidea as non-homologous with the one in the previous groups, on account of the absence of gizzard plates or spines. This contradicted Salvini-Plawen and Steiner, who had proposed the gizzard to be a synapomorphy of the larger clade of Paratectibranchia (Pteropoda, Cephalaspidea and Anaspidea) and Eleutherobranchia, secondarily lost in Nudipleura but still present in Umbraculoidea. As coded in Wägele and Klussmann-Kolb, phylogenetic hypothesis by Jörger et al. (2010) supports homology of the gizzard in Umbraculoidea with the gizzard with gizzard plates and spines in the other euopisthobranchian taxa. Thus, the structure is proposed as a synapomorphy of Euopisthobranchia. Cladogram

A cladogram showing phylogenic relations of the Heterobranchia as proposed by Jörger et al. (2010): See also Changes in the taxonomy of gastropods since 2005#Heterobranchia Heterobranchia#2010 taxonomy Acochlidiacea#2010 taxonomy
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