Kalandia and Zec des Martres

Kalandia (Arabic: قلنديا‎, Hebrew: קלנדיה), also Qalandiya, is a Palestinian village located in the West Bank, between Jerusalem and Ramallah, just west from the Jerusalem municipality boundary. In 2006, 1,154 people were living in the village according to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. Kalandia is also the name of a refugee camp, established by UNRWA in 1949. It is located just east from Jerusalem municipality. Kalandia refugee camp was built for Palestinians refugees from Lydda, Ramle and Jerusalem victims of the 1948 Palestinian exodus.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Ottoman era 1.2 British Mandate era 1.2.1 Kalandia airport 1.3 1948-1967 1.3.1 Kalandia refugee camp 1.4 1967-present 1.4.1 Kalandia checkpoint 2 See also 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External links

History

Ancient tombs have been found at Kalandia.

A Byzantine bath has been excavated, and pottery from the same period has also been located there.

During the Crusader period, it was noted that Kalandia was one of 21 villages given by King Godfrey as a fief to the canons of the Holy Sepulchre. In 1151 the Abbot leased the use of the vineyards and orchards of Kalandia to a Nemes the Syrian and his brother Anthony and their children. In return the convent was given a part of the yearly production from these fields. In 1152 Queen Melisende exchanged villagers whom she owned for shops and two moneychanger counters in Jerusalem. All the names of the Kalandia villagers were Christian, which indicate that Kalandia was a Christian village at the time. Ottoman era

Kalandia, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the Ottoman census of 1596, the village, called Qalandiya, was a part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Al-Quds which was under the administration of the liwa ("district") of Al-Quds. The village had a population of 15 households, all Muslim, and paid taxes on wheat, barley, olives, occasional revenues, beehives and/or goats.

In 1863, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village, which he described as small hamlet consisting of a few houses with fig plantations around them, while an Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed 16 houses and a population of 50, though the population count included only the men.

In 1883, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described the village as a "small village on a swell, surrounded by olives, with quarries to the west." British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Qalandieh (Qalandia) had a population 144, 122 Muslims and 22 Jews. This had decreased in the 1931 census when Qalandiya had an all-Muslim population of 120, in 25 houses.

In a survey in 1945, Kalandia had a population of 190 Arabs, and a land area of 3,940 dunams. 427 dunams were designated for plantations and irrigable land, 2,202 for cereals, while six dunams were built-up. Kalandia airport

Until 1930, Kalandia was the only airport in Mandatory Palestine, although there were several military airfields. Kalandia was used for prominent guests bound for Jerusalem. It opened for regular flights in 1936. After the Six-Day War, it was renamed Atarot Airport by Israel, but closed down due to disturbances related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. 1948-1967

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Kalandia came under Jordanian rule. Kalandia refugee camp The Kalandia checkpoint between Jerusalem and Ramallah is known for frequent demonstrations against the occupation.

The Qalandia refugee camp was established in 1949 by UNRWA on land leased from Jordan. It covers 353 dunums (0.353 km2; 35.3 ha) as of 2006 and has a population of 10,024 with 935 structures divided into 8 blocks. Israeli authorities consider it part of Greater Jerusalem, and it remains under their control. 1967-present

After the Six-Day War in 1967, Kalandia has been under Israeli occupation. Kalandia checkpoint

Kalandia is the main checkpoint between the northern West Bank and Jerusalem. The checkpoint is used by the Israeli military to control Palestinian access to East Jerusalem and Israel. Israel requires Palestinians to have permits to pass through the checkpoint to East Jerusalem and Israel for their work, medical care, education or for religious reasons. According to B'TSelem, most of the people who use the checkpoint are residents of East Jerusalem separated from the city by the Israeli West Bank barrier.

The Israeli 2013 Qalandia raid led to clashes with local residents, leaving three of Qalandia's inhabitants dead and several critically wounded. See also Atarot

Zec des Martres and Kalandia

ZEC is located in public lands. It is managed by "Association de plein air des Martres inc" (Association of Outdoor Martens inc) which is a non-profit organization. ZEC has a mission to develop the land and make it available to the general public for outdoor activities including: hiking, quad/snowmobile, camping, hunting, fishing and watching scenery, flora and fauna.

Contents 1 Geography 2 Toponymy 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

Geography

Founded in 1978, the ZEC des Martres covers 424 square kilometers and includes 219 lakes. The zec is entirely in forested area.

The Laurentides Wildlife Reserve is the western boundary of the ZEC; the Parc national des Grands-Jardins, on south-west; the Municipality of Saint-Urbain, at southeast of ZEC du Lac-au-Sable, on east; and the Parc national des Hautes-Gorges-de-la-Rivière-Malbaie (National Park of Hautes-Gorges out-of-la-Rivière-Malbaie) to the north.

The route 381 linking Baie Saint-Paul to Saguenay run more or less along the western boundary of the ZEC. While a segment of the road in the Hautes-Gorges crosses the eastern part of the ZEC, in the north-south direction.

The main rivers of the ZEC are: Malbaie, Chouinard, Porc-Épic (Porcupine), des Érables (Maples), "rivière Chemin des canots" (river of canoes road) and "ruisseau du Pont" (Creek Bridge).

Major lakes of the zec are: "des Américains" (Americans), de la Baie (by the Bay), Barley, Beaulieu, Belle Truite, du Bouchon, Boulianne, de la Cabane, Caribou, des Cavernes (Cave), du Coeur (Heart), en Coeur (in Heart), du Coq, "Côte à Côte", Croche, "à l'Écluse", des Employés, des Érables, Équerre, Évanturel, Favre, Froid, "Premier lac du Foulon", "Deuxième lac du Foulon", "Deuxième lac Paul", Gabriel, "de la Galette", "du Gros Castor", "de la Grosse Femelle", de la Hache, Jérôme, Lesclache, Long, Lunettes, "à la Main", "des Martres", de la Mésange, Nazaire, Oscar, du Pied des Monts, Petit lac Barley, Petit lac de la Baie, Petit lac Barley, Petit lac Long, Petit lac Malfait, "Petit lac des Martres", "Petit lac de la Savane", "Petit lac Malbaie", Pouliot, Prime, Resche, Rétréci (Shrunk), Rameau, Robbé, Rosa, Tité and "du Tonnerre" (Thunder). Many lakes in the ZEC are equipped with a ramp to the water.

ZEC offers a hosting service at "Chalet de la Cheminée" (Villa of the Fireplace) and 17 campgrounds, all accessible by car. Toponymy

The name "ZEC des Martres" takes its name from Lac des Martres (Lake of Martens) which is the largest lake of the ZEC. Marten is a carnivorous mammal with long, supple body, a bushy tail and brown fur. The "Pékan" (in French) is the marten of Canada and the "Zibeline" (in French) is the one of the Siberia and Japan.

In Quebec, forty names include specific "Marten" and "Martre". Lake Martens appeared in the "Dictionary of the Rivers and Lakes of the Province of Quebec" by Eugene Rouillard, Department of Lands and Forests, 1914, page 270. This book shows that in 1886, the land surveyor, F. Vincent Lake Martens described as being located in mountainous terrain, surrounded by fir and spruce. He also noted the presence of trout in its waters.

The name of the lake is due to the presence of the Marten of Canada, a carnivorous mammal also known as "Pékan" (in French), whose furs has long adorned the necks of coats. The name of Zec des Martres is derived from the official name of Lac des Martres (lake of Martens).

The name "Zec des Martres" was formalized on August 5, 1982 at the Bank of place names in the Commission de toponymie du Québec (Geographical Names Board of Quebec). See also Lac-Pikauba, unorganized territory Charlevoix Regional County Municipality, (RCM) Capitale-Nationale, administrative region Malbaie River Laurentides Wildlife Reserve Zone d'exploitation contrôlée (Controlled harvesting zone) (ZEC)
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