Police Volunteer Reserve Corp (Malaysia) and Follicle-stimulating hormone insensitivity

The PVR existence not only provides opportunity to give insight into the life of a policeman, it even gives space to cement a relationship between police and society. PVR members are bound by the same rules and regulations as the police force when they are on duty and must display a good image.

Contents 1 History 2 Organisations of PVR 2.1 Training 3 Absorbs of People's Volunteer Corps (RELA) and Civil Defence Department (JPAM) members 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

History The PVR during the guard the Danga Bay.

The PVR is created as a formation under the police authorities since the year 1957 which is known as Special Operations Volunteer Force. Currently, the membership is amounted to as many as 3,400 officers from other states with major town focus. The philosophy of the PVR existence is to give opportunity to civilians to transform themselves into the police careers. The PVR members perform the same kind of duties as regular police officers, to enforcing the law and maintaining peace and security. Organisations of PVR

Malaysian citizen qualified are invited to be Police Volunteer Reserve Corp in Police Volunteer Reserve Corp in other states of Malaysia. Those interested can obtain application forms were being anywhere District Police Volunteer Reserve Corp or in Contingent Police Volunteer Reserve Corp or could be downloaded from website link. The recruitment drive was to heed the latest call by the government to get more PVRs on the field to curb crime. Apart from the six months of strict training, the new PVRs recruits would also be taught self-defence. t’s the first recruitment drive for the district and the areas currently patrol.

Besides patrolling, the PVRs are also required to beef up security at official functions and maintain peacekeeping at certain public events. Training

For volunteers aged between 18 and 40 years old. The volunteer need to be a full-time employee of any established organisation, preferably from the government sector. The volunteers need to get clearance from their employers before they decide to volunteer. When the complete application form need to be sent to near or further Police Volunteer Reserve Corp Chief to Contingent Police Volunteer Reserve Corp.

All applications should use available special form from any District Police Volunteer Reserve Corp or in Contingent Police Volunteer Reserve Corp or could be downloaded from this website page. Absorbs of People's Volunteer Corps (RELA) and Civil Defence Department (JPAM) members

In August 2009, the Malaysian People's Volunteer Corps (Malay: Ikatan Relawan Rakyat Malaysia) (RELA) and Malaysian Civil Defence Department (Malay: Jabatan Pertahanan Awam Malaysia) (JPAM) members will start their duty as Police Volunteer Reserve (PVR) to achieve the new government's one the six National Key Result Areas (NKRA) in the Key Performance Indicators (KPI) efforts to reduce street crime by 20% in the next 14 months. The Home Minister, Dato' Seri Hishammuddin Hussein said 948 are RELA members and 174 others are from the Civil Defence Department were selected to join the team last month. Currently, the 135 maiden batch of volunteers from the RELA and JPAM will complete their two-week-long training today and are ready to start duties as volunteer police personnel from Sunday. See also Suksis Volunteer Special Constabulary Sukarelawan Polis

Follicle-stimulating hormone insensitivity and Police Volunteer Reserve Corp (Malaysia)

A related condition is luteinizing hormone (LH) insensitivity (termed Leydig cell hypoplasia when it occurs in males), which presents with similar symptoms to those of FSH insensitivity but with the symptoms in the respective sexes reversed (i.e., hypogonadism and sexual infantilism in males and merely problems with fertility in females); however, males also present with feminized or ambiguous genitalia (also known as pseudohermaphroditism), whereas ambiguous genitalia does not occur in females with FSH insensitivity. Despite their similar causes, LH insensitivity is considerably more common in comparison to FSH insensitivity.

Contents 1 Cause 2 Signs 3 Symptoms 4 Treatment 5 See also 6 References

Cause

FSH insensitivity is caused by inactivating mutations of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and thus an insensitivity of the receptor to FSH. This results in an inability of the granulosa cells in ovarian follicles to respond to FSH in females, in turn resulting in diminished estrogen production by the ovaries and loss of menstrual cycles, and an inability of Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testicles to respond to FSH in males, which in turn results in impaired spermatogenesis. Signs

In females, FSH insensitivity results in diminished development of ovarian follicles and granulosa cells and low to normal estrogen levels, elevated to very elevated gonadotropin levels, and low inhibin B levels, whereas males present with diminished Sertoli cell proliferation and moderately elevated FSH levels, normal to slightly elevated LH levels, normal testosterone levels, and reduced inhibin B levels.

Due in part to elevated LH levels, which stimulate androgen production by theca cells in the ovaries, and due in part to FSH insensitivity, resulting in a lack of aromatase in nearby granulosa cells that normally convert androgens into estrogens, it could be expected that females with FSH insensitivity might present with symptoms of hyperandrogenism at puberty. However, this has not been found to be the case. This may be in part because FSH, via stimulation of granulosa cells and the resultant secretion of yet-unidentified paracrine factors (but possibly including inhibin B), has been shown to significantly enhance the LH-mediated stimulation of androgen production by theca cells. In addition, theca cells predominantly secrete the relatively weak androgen androstenedione, whereas granulosa cells, signaled to do so by FSH under normal circumstances, convert androstenedione into its more potent relative testosterone (which is subsequently converted into estradiol). Hence, in females, FSH insensitivity may not only result in deficiencies in estrogen production by granulosa cells, but in diminished androgen synthesis by both theca and granulosa cells as well, which could potentially explain why hyperandrogenism does not occur. Symptoms

FSH insensitivity presents itself in females as two clusters of symptoms: 1) hypergonadotropic hypogonadism or hypoestrogenism, resulting in a delayed, reduced, or fully absent puberty and associated sexual infantilism (if left untreated), reduced uterine volume, and osteoporosis; and 2) ovarian dysgenesis or failure, resulting in primary or secondary amenorrhea, infertility, and normal sized to slightly enlarged ovaries. Males on the other hand are significantly less affected, presenting merely with partial or complete infertility, reduced testicular volume, and oligozoospermia (reduced spermatogenesis). Treatment

Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen may be used to treat symptoms of hypoestrogenism in females with the condition. There are currently no known treatments for the infertility caused by the condition in either sex. See also Hypogonadism and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism Gonadal dysgenesis and premature ovarian failure Leydig cell hypoplasia (or LH insensitivity) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone insensitivity Inborn errors of steroid metabolism Isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency Combined 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency Aromatase deficiency and estrogen insensitivity syndrome
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