Maria Tipo and In re Ah Yup

Maria Tipo (born in 23 December 1931) is an Italian pianist. Biography

Tipo was born in Naples. She was taught originally by her mother, Ersilia Cavallo, who was a pupil of Ferruccio Busoni. She went on to study under Alfredo Casella and Guido Agosti.

At only seventeen, she won the Geneva international piano competition. Since then, she has performed widely and made a considerable number of recordings.

Maria Tipo's first appearance in North America in the late 1950s, where she played over 300 concerts, caused her to be nicknamed the "Neapolitan Horowitz". Her first recording, an LP of 12 Scarlatti sonatas, which she recorded in a mere 4 hours in 1955, was hailed by Newsweek magazine as the most spectacular record of the year.

Her recordings of Bach's Goldberg Variations and of sonatas by Domenico Scarlatti have been awarded the "Diapason d’Or". She has also championed the music of Muzio Clementi both in concert and on disc. Her stature has tended to be higher among her fellow-pianists than with the general public. Martha Argerich, in an interview with Rai Radio 3, referred to her as "sensational"

She is a pianist of considerable strength and virtuosity. The critic Piero Rattalino recalls her playing as a teenager: "Her agility was incredible, and her precision greater than the volcanic Martha Argerich". He classes her with the "tradition of Italian interpreters that begins with Toscanini and includes Zecchi, Benedetti Michelangeli, Pollini, Accardo, Muti, Abbado: interpreters who remain masters of their emotions and achieve the effect they want on the public." He concludes: "Maria Tipo is a knight errant, always ready to do battle for her ideal, even when this ideal takes the form of the Devil. ideal is beauty. There are other ways to make music, but this is certainly not the least of them."

Tipo also is a dedicated teacher, giving master classes at the Gubbio Festival and the Scuola di Musica di Fiesole, and has served as a professor at the Conservatories of Geneva, Bolzano and Florence. Among her students are the pianists Andrea Lucchesini, Pietro De Maria, Fabio Bidini, Angelo Arciglione, Domenico Piccichè, Djordje Milojkovic.

In re Ah Yup and Maria Tipo

Contents 1 Case classification 2 History 3 Decision 4 References

Case classification

Prerequisite cases were cases based on racial restrictions on naturalization. The first reported prerequisite case was handed down in 1878. From 1878 until the end of racial restrictions on naturalization in 1952, fifty-one more prerequisite cases were decided in jurisdictions around the country, all the way from California to Washington D.C. All of these had to do with applicants from a variety of countries including, Canada, Mexico, Japan, the Philippines, India and Syria. Almost all of these cases were instances where the applicants presented claims of white racial identity.

Ah Yup was the first prerequisite case. This case gave a sense of what to expect in future cases, as well as the reasoning that reflected almost every other prerequisite case that would be presented in the United States. History

Ah Yup was an ethnically Chinese immigrant who applied for naturalization. The petition stated that all of the qualifications required by the statute to entitle the petitioner to be naturalized were present, as long as the statute authorized the naturalization of a native of China of the "Mongolian race" ( A term used at the time to include people from most Asian ethnic groups). The question then being posed by this case was, ‘is a person of the Mongolian race a “white person” within the meaning of the statute?’

On April 29, 1878, the Ninth Circuit Court in California denied Ah Yup the right to naturalize. The court did this by citing the 1802 naturalization laws and all revised statutes that had been passed since. At the time of Ah Yup’s petition, the laws granted all ‘free white persons” as well as all “aliens of African nativity, and persons of African descent” the right to naturalize. The court ruled that Mongolians could not be classified as “white,” and made it clear that the existing provisions prevented all except “whites” and those of African descent from naturalizing to the United States. Decision

Circuit Judge Lorenzo Sawyer presided over this case. Judge Sawyer noted that this case constituted the first naturalization application by a person from China. Judge Sawyer turned to evidence coming from science and that of amici curiae to assist the court in a decision. The evidence coming from science was based on contemporary anthropological thought on racial classifications. Judge Sawyer diligently reviewed the legislative history of the naturalization statute. He not only wanted to rely on the opinions of the amici, but also the scientific evidence as he searched for a clue to the meaning of the question of Chinese naturalization.

Judge Sawyer carefully examined congressional debates that came about because of Senator Summer’s opposition to racial restrictions. These debates directly dealt with and questioned Chinese naturalization. After careful consideration, Judge Sawyer decided that he was “of the opinion that a native of China, of the Mongolian race, is not a white person” and due to this Ah Yup was denied citizenship to the United States of America.
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